Abortion: Definition, Types, Causes, and Proceduresabortion

1. Definition

Abortion is the premature termination of pregnancy, leading to the expulsion of the fetus, fetal membranes, and placenta from the uterus before viability. It can occur naturally (miscarriage) or be induced through medical or surgical means.

2. Types of Abortion

• Spontaneous Abortion (Miscarriage) – Occurs naturally due to genetic abnormalities, maternal health conditions, or other factors.
• Induced Abortion – Deliberate termination of pregnancy through medical or surgical intervention.
  • Medical Abortion – Uses medication to terminate a pregnancy (e.g., mifepristone and misoprostol).
  • Surgical Abortion – Involves procedures to remove the fetus and pregnancy tissues (e.g., dilation and curettage, vacuum aspiration).

3. Causes of Abortion

• Spontaneous Abortion
  • Genetic or chromosomal abnormalities
  • Maternal infections or illnesses (e.g., diabetes, thyroid disorders)
  • Uterine abnormalities or cervical insufficiency
  • Hormonal imbalances
  • Trauma or severe stress
• Induced Abortion
  • Personal choice (unwanted pregnancy)
  • Medical necessity (risk to maternal health or severe fetal abnormalities)
  • Cases of rape or incest

4. Procedures

• Medical Abortion
  • Effective up to 10 weeks of pregnancy
  • Involves taking medications that block pregnancy hormones and induce uterine contractions
  • Can be done at home with medical supervision
• Surgical Abortion
  • Dilation and Curettage (D&C) – The cervix is dilated, and the uterine lining is scraped.
  • Dilation and Evacuation (D&E) – Involves dilation and removal of fetal tissue using suction and instruments, typically performed in the second trimester.
  • Induction Abortion – Used in later pregnancy, involving medications to induce labor and expel the fetus.

5. Risks and Complications

• Infection
• Heavy bleeding
• Injury to the uterus or cervix
• Emotional and psychological effects

6. Legal and Ethical Considerations

• Laws vary by country and state
• Ethical debates involve women’s rights, fetal viability, and religious perspectives