lupus erythematosis, systemic A form of lupus that has a tendency to involve the internal organs. Abbreviated SLE. Eleven criteria have been established for the diagnosis of SLE, including the presence of a malar (“butterfly”) rash and/or other discoid skin rash; skin rash in reaction to sunlight exposure; ulceration of the mucus lining of the mouth, nose, or throat; two or more swollen, tender joints of the extremities (arthritis); inflammation of the lining tissue around the heart or lungs (pericarditis/pleuritis), usually associated with chest pain with breathing; abnormal amounts of protein or cellular elements in the urine, caused by kidney abnormalities; brain irritation manifested by seizures, severe mood swings, and/or psychosis; low counts of white or red blood cells, or platelets; abnormal results on immune-system tests, including anti-DNA or anti-Sm (Smith) antibodies, falsely positive blood test for syphilis, anticardiolipin antibodies, lupus anticoagulant, or a positive lupus erythematosis prep test; and positive results for antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) on a blood test. SLE is also often characterized by fatigue. Psychiatric symptoms closely resemble those of a bipolar disorder, which sometimes leads to misdiagnosis. SLE is eight times more common in women than in men. The causes of SLE are unknown, but heredity, infectious disease, ultraviolet light, and drugs may all play a role. Treatment is directed toward decreasing inflammation and moderating the level of autoimmune activity, and it can range from administration of anti-inflammatory medication to use of chemotherapy. Persons with SLE can help prevent flare-ups of their disease by avoiding sun exposure and by not abruptly discontinuing medications. Medication can help treat specific symptoms as well, including reducing skin rash, irritation, and scarring; reducing joint inflammation; and treating psychiatric symptoms. See also lupus.

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