polycystic kidney disease

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is an inherited disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys. These cysts gradually enlarge, replacing much of the normal kidney tissue, leading to kidney dysfunction and eventual kidney failure.

Types of PKD

Autosomal Dominant PKD (ADPKD) – The most common form, symptoms usually appear in adulthood (between ages 30–50).
Autosomal Recessive PKD (ARPKD) – A rarer and more severe form that manifests in infancy or early childhood.

Symptoms and Complications

High blood pressure (hypertension)
Chronic pain (usually in the back or sides)
Hematuria (blood in urine)
Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs)
Kidney stones
Cyst rupture or infection
Progressive kidney failure, often requiring dialysis or transplantation

Diagnosis

Ultrasound imaging – Primary screening tool for detecting kidney cysts.
CT or MRI scans – Provide more detailed imaging, especially for smaller cysts.
Genetic testing – Confirms diagnosis in uncertain cases, particularly in families with a history of PKD.

Treatment & Management

🔹 Blood pressure control – ACE inhibitors or ARBs slow kidney damage.
🔹 Pain management – Acetaminophen is preferred; NSAIDs should be used cautiously.
🔹 Infection treatment – Prompt use of antibiotics for UTIs.
🔹 Dietary adjustments – Low-sodium diet and adequate hydration.
🔹 Dialysis or kidney transplant – Required in end-stage kidney failure.
🔹 Tolvaptan (vasopressin receptor antagonist) – Can slow cyst growth in ADPKD.

PKD can also affect the liver, pancreas, and blood vessels, increasing the risk of aneurysms, heart valve abnormalities, and liver cysts.