syphilis

syphilis A sexually transmitted disease that is caused by Treponema pallidum, a spiral-shaped microscopic organism called a spirochete. The organism infects people by burrowing into the moist mucous membranes of the mouth or genitals. From there, the spirochete produces a nonpainful ulcer known as a chancre. There are three stages of syphilis. The first (primary) stage is formation of the chancre, and it can last from 1 to 5 weeks. At this stage, syphilis is highly contagious and is transmitted via any contact with one of the ulcers. Even without treatment, the early infection usually resolves on its own. However, 25 percent proceed to the secondary stage of syphilis, which lasts from 4 to 6 weeks. This phase can include hair loss; a sore throat; white patches in the nose, mouth, and vagina; fever; headaches; and a skin rash. There can be lesions on the genitals that resemble genital warts but are caused by spirochetes. These wart-like lesions, as well as the skin rash, are highly contagious. The rash can occur on the palms of the hands, and the infection can be transmitted via casual contact. The third (tertiary) stage of the disease involves the brain and heart, and at this point the disease is usually no longer contagious. At this point, however, the infection can cause extensive damage to the internal organs and the brain; it can even lead to death. Diagnosis is made via blood test, either the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) or Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test. Treatment involves use of antibiotics. While syphilis is relatively easily treated with antibiotics in its earlier stages, late stage syphilis can leave permanent brain and nervous system damage despite an extended antibiotic course. See also chancre; spirochete; syphilis, congenital; syphilis test, RPR; VDRL test.