tumor marker
Tumor markers are substances detectable in elevated levels in blood, urine, or tissues of some cancer patients, produced either by the tumor or the body in response.
Limitations in Diagnosis
These markers lack specificity, as levels rise in non-cancerous conditions, and sensitivity, since early-stage cancers often show normal levels; thus, they require combination with biopsies or imaging for diagnosis.
Clinical Applications
Post-diagnosis, they monitor treatment efficacy, assess disease stage and progression, predict prognosis, and detect recurrence. Common examples include AFP (liver cancer), CEA (colorectal), PSA (prostate), CA-125 (ovarian), HCG, LDH, and NSE.
