English textbooks

Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia, Tay Sachs Disease

You inherit genes from your biological parents in specific ways. One of the ways is called autosomal recessive inheritance. What is autosomal recessive inheritance? Autosomal recessive inheritance means that the gene in question is located on one of the autosomes. These…

Avascular Necrosis

What is avascular necrosis? Avascular necrosis is a disease that results from the short-term (temporary) or lifelong (permanent) loss of blood supply to the bone. When blood supply is cut off, the bone tissue dies and the bone collapses. If…

Ayurveda

What is Ayurveda? Ayurveda is a whole-body (holistic) system of medicine that began in India more than 3,000 years ago. Ayurveda means the study of life. It takes a natural approach to all aspects of health and well-being. Ayurveda is…

The Tissue Level of Organization

4.0 Introduction Chapter Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to: 4.1 – Identify the main tissue types and discuss their roles in the human body. 4.2 – Describe the structural characteristics of the various epithelial tissues and…

The Cellular Level of Organization

Content 3.0 Introduction Chapter Objectives 3.1 The Cell Membrane Learning Objectives Chapter Review 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles Learning Objectives Chapter Review 3.3 The Nucleus and DNA Replication Learning Objectives Chapter Review 3.4 Protein Synthesis Learning Objectives Chapter Review…

The Chemical Level of Organization

2.0 Introduction Chapter Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to: The smallest, most fundamental material components of the human body are basic chemical elements. In fact, chemicals called nucleotide bases are the foundation of the genetic code…

An Introduction to the Human Body

1.0 Introduction Chapter Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to: Though you may approach a course in anatomy and physiology strictly as a requirement for your field of study, the knowledge you gain in this course will…

General anatomy of the autonomic nervous system

X Vagus nerve (mixed) contains motor fibers which start from nucleus ambiguus, parasympathetic (preganglionic) fibers form dorsal nucleus and sensory fibers from superior and inferior ganglia in jugular foramen. Meningeal branch which starts from superior ganglion and passes to cranial…

General anatomy of the peripheral nervous system

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM is the most complicated and highly organized of the various systems which make up the human body. It is the mechanism concerned with the correlation and integration of various bodily processes and the reactions and adjustments of…

Lymphatic system

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM consists (1) of complex capillary networks which collect the lymph in the various organs and tissues; (2) of an elaborate system of collecting vessels which conduct the lymph from the capillaries to the large veins of the…

Functional anatomy blood vessels

THE VASCULAR system is divided for descriptive purposes into (a) the blood vascular system, which comprises the heart and bloodvessels for the circulation of the blood; and (b) the lymph vascular system, consisting of lymph glands and lymphatic vessels, through…

Functional anatomy of the heart

Introduction THE VASCULAR system is divided for descriptive purposes into (a) the blood vascular system, which comprises the heart and bloodvessels for the circulation of the blood; and (b) the lymph vascular system, consisting of lymph glands and lymphatic vessels,…