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English textbooks
Introduction to Human Anatomy
Initial stages of human embryogenesis. Study about germ layers Contents The contents of human anatomy, its place among biological sciences and importance for medicine. Anatomic sciences and adjacent disciplines. Methodology of morphological sciences. Descriptive, functional, causal and systemic, structural principle…
DEFECTS OF DEVELOPMENT. PLASTIC SURGERY
Congenital abnormalities of the organism’s development, during which its functions are damaged or impossible, are called maldevelopments. Those malformations, which deform the external form of a body, especially if they at the same time reduce viability of an individual, are…
ONCOLOGY
Oncology (from Greek oncos — tumour) is a science which studies aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical course, diagnosis and treatment of tumours. Synonyms: blastoma, neoplasm. Tumor is a pathological formation that spontaneously arises in different tissues and organs and is distinguished by…
PARASITOGENIC SURGICAL DISEASES
About 150 kinds of worms and their germs can parasitize in a person’s organism. Only some of them have value in surgical practice. Echinococcosis is a disease of animals and people, caused by echinococcus. In home animals — sheep, goats,…
CHRONIC SPECIFIC SURGICAL INFECTION
The chronic specific surgical infection is caused by specific agents and has a vague clinical course. Surgical tuberculosis, actinomycosis, bone-joint syphilis, lepra, brucellosis, tularemia, leishmaniosis belong to the chronic specific surgical infection. All these diseases are characterized by development of…
ACUTE ANAEROBIC NONSPECIFIC AND SPECIFIC INFECTION
Anaerobic infection is a number of diseases which, as a rule, arise in a wound, caused by microbes which develop during anaerobic conditions. The typical features of this infection: weak inflammatory reaction, tissue hypostasis, dead tissue, formation of gas in…
SEPSIS. ENDOTOXICOSIS IN SURGERY. DETOXIFICATION OF ORGANISM
SEPSIS Sepsis — general nonspecific infection of an organism, caused by different agents and occurring against a background of a changed organism’s reacttivity irrespective of the agent, is characterized by the same clinical picture similar to endotoxicosis phenomena and poly-organ…
ACUTE PURULENT INFECTION OF THE SEROUS CAVITIES, VESSELS, BONES, JOINTS. PUTREFACTIVE INFECTION
PURULENT INFLAMMATION OF THE SEROUS CAVITIES Purulent meningitis — inflammation of the brain membranes caused by purulent microflora (staphylococcus, streptococcus, E.coli, pneumococcus). Purulent meningitis, as a rule, is a secondary process caused by penetration of microflora into the subarachnoidal space…
SURGICAL INFECTION. ACUTE PURULENT INFECTION OF THE SKIN, CELLULAR SPACES
Infection in surgery occupies one of leading places concerning lethality and determines the essence of many inflammatory diseases and postoperative complications. Last years, an increase in the incidence of pyoinflammatory diseases and postoperative purulent complications, which is connected both to…
NECROSIS. GANGRENE
NECROSIS Necrosis is a local mortification of the tissue. The reason for local mortification of the tissue can be direct damage to tissue by any traumatic factor, insufficient nutrition of the tissue as a result of infringement of blood circulation,…
BURNS, ELECTROTRAUMA, FROSTBITE
BURNS Burn (combustio) is damage to the organism tissue as a result of local action of high temperature, chemical substances, gamma rays, X-rays, ultaviolet rays, ionizing radiation. Classification After the circumstances of injury, industrial, household, wartime burn are distinguished. After…
WOUNDS
Wound (vulnus) — is the mechanical injury to the integrity of the skin or mucous membrane. Wounds belong to the most often injuries in war and peace time. The problem of wounds treatment is one of the main and according…